The Blue Grotto (Italian: Grotta Azzurra) is a sea cave on the coast of the island of Capri, southern Italy. Sunlight, passing through an underwater cavity and shining through the seawater, creates a blue reflection that illuminates the cavern. The cave extends some 50 metres into the cliff at the surface, and is about 150 metres deep, with a sandy bottom.
Entrance to the Grotto
The cave is 60 meters long and 25 meters wide. The cave mouth is two meters wide and roughly one meter high. For this reason, entrance into the grotto can only be achieved when tides are low and the sea is calm. Without calm seas and low tides, the grotto becomes inaccessible, as the 1-meter entrance is impossible to pass. To enter the grotto, visitors must lay flat on the bottom of a small 4-person rowboat. The oarsman then uses a metal chain attached to the cave walls to guide the boat inside the grotto. Swimming in the grotto is forbidden, both for safety reasons and to preserve water clarity.
● 藍洞洞穴有60公尺長、25公尺寬，洞口只有2公尺寬、1公尺高，因此，潮水低、風浪平靜時，才能進洞。
● 想穿越藍洞洞口，遊客只能搭四人小船，並儘量躺平才能入洞，而船夫則必需壓低頭，並以手牽引著洞穴旁的鐵鍊才能將小船帶進洞穴。
Color
The Blue Grotto is one of several sea caves, worldwide, that is flooded with a brilliant blue or emerald light. The quality and nature of the color in each cave is determined by the particular lighting conditions in that particular cave.
In the case of the Blue Grotto, the light comes from two sources.
1. One is a small hole in the cave wall, precisely at the waterline, that is a meter and half in diameter(直徑一公尺半). This hole is barely large enough to admit a tiny rowboat, and is used as the entranceway. In photographs taken from within the cave, the above-water half of this hole appears as a spot of brilliant white light.
2. The second source of light is a second hole, with a surface area about ten times as large as the first, which lies directly below the entranceway, separated from it by a bar of rock between one and two meters thick. Much less light, per square meter, is able to enter through the lower opening, but its large size ensures that it is, in practice, the primary source of light.
As light passes through the water into the cave, red reflections are filtered out and only blue light enters the cave. Objects placed in the water of the grotto famously appear silver. This is caused by tiny bubbles, which cover the outside of the object when they are placed underwater. The bubbles cause the light to refract differently than it does from the surrounding water and gives off the silver effect.
In part because of the dazzling effect of the light from the above-water opening, it is impossible for a visitor who is in one of the rowboats to identify the shape of the larger hole, the outline of the bar that separates the two holes, or even the nature of the light-source, other than a general awareness that the light is coming up from underneath, and that the water in the cave is more light-filled than the air. A visitor who places a hand in the water can see it "glow" eerily in this light.
History
During Roman times, the grotto was used as the personal swimming hole of Emperor Tiberius as well as a marine temple. Tiberius moved from the Roman capitol to the island of Capri in 27 AD. During Tiberius' reign, the grotto was decorated with several statues as well as resting areas around the edge of the cave. Three statues of the Roman sea gods Neptune and Triton were recovered from the floor of the grotto in 1964 and are now on display at a museum in Anacapri. Seven bases of statues were also recovered from the grotto floor in 2009. This suggests that there are at least 4 more statues lying on the cave's bottom.[4] The cave was described by the Roman historian Pliny the Elder as being populated with Triton "playing on a shell". The now missing arms on the recovered Triton statue – usually depicted with a conch shell, suggest that the statues recovered in 1964 are the same statues Pliny the Elder saw in the 1st century AD.[2] According to reconstructions of the original Blue Grotto, a swarm of Triton statues headed by a Neptune statue may have stood in the walls of the cave. The environmentalist association Marevivo aims to restore the Blue Grotto to its ancient glory by placing identical copies of the statues where they originally stood in the grotto. This project is being carried out in collaboration with the archaeological superintendence of Pompeii.[4]
At the back of the main cave of the Blue Grotto, three connecting passageways lead to the Sala dei Nomi, or "Room of Names", named for the graffiti signatures left by visitors over the centuries. Two more passages lead deeper into the cliffs on the side of island. It was thought that these passages were ancient stairways that lead to Emperor Tiberius' palace. However, the passages are natural passages that narrow and then end further along.[2]
During the 18th century, the grotto was known to the locals under the name of Gradola, after the nearby landing place of Gradola. It was avoided by sailors and islanders because it was said to be inhabited by witches and monsters. The grotto was then "rediscovered" by the public in 1826, with visit of German writer August Kopisch and Ernst Fries, who were taken to the grotto by local fisherman Alberto Ferraro.
Cultural influence
In 1826, German writer August Kopisch and his friend Ernst Fries visited the cave and recorded their visit in the Kopisch's Entdeckung der blauen Grotte auf der Insel Capri in 1838.
Mark Twain visited the Blue Grotto in 1869, and recorded his thoughts in his book, The Innocents Abroad.[2]
The grotto is highlighted in the 1953 Newbery Honor book, Red Sails to Capri, by Ann Weil.
In Alberto Moravia's 1954 novel Contempt (Il disprezzo), visions of the protagonist appear when he decides to pay a final visit to the cave.
In May 1949 Princess Margaret visited the Blue Grotto. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Grotto_(Capri)
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The Blue Grotto (Italian: Grotta Azzurra) is a sea cave on the coast of the island of Capri, southern Italy. Sunlight, passing through an underwater cavity and shining through the seawater, creates a blue reflection that illuminates the cavern. The cave extends some 50 metres into the cliff at the surface, and is about 150 metres deep, with a sandy bottom.
Entrance to the Grotto
The cave is 60 meters long and 25 meters wide. The cave mouth is two meters wide and roughly one meter high. For this reason, entrance into the grotto can only be achieved when tides are low and the sea is calm. Without calm seas and low tides, the grotto becomes inaccessible, as the 1-meter entrance is impossible to pass. To enter the grotto, visitors must lay flat on the bottom of a small 4-person rowboat. The oarsman then uses a metal chain attached to the cave walls to guide the boat inside the grotto. Swimming in the grotto is forbidden, both for safety reasons and to preserve water clarity.
● 藍洞洞穴有60公尺長、25公尺寬，洞口只有2公尺寬、1公尺高，因此，潮水低、風浪平靜時，才能進洞。
● 想穿越藍洞洞口，遊客只能搭四人小船，並儘量躺平才能入洞，而船夫則必需壓低頭，並以手牽引著洞穴旁的鐵鍊才能將小船帶進洞穴。
Color
The Blue Grotto is one of several sea caves, worldwide, that is flooded with a brilliant blue or emerald light. The quality and nature of the color in each cave is determined by the particular lighting conditions in that particular cave.
In the case of the Blue Grotto, the light comes from two sources.
1. One is a small hole in the cave wall, precisely at the waterline, that is a meter and half in diameter(直徑一公尺半). This hole is barely large enough to admit a tiny rowboat, and is used as the entranceway. In photographs taken from within the cave, the above-water half of this hole appears as a spot of brilliant white light.
2. The second source of light is a second hole, with a surface area about ten times as large as the first, which lies directly below the entranceway, separated from it by a bar of rock between one and two meters thick. Much less light, per square meter, is able to enter through the lower opening, but its large size ensures that it is, in practice, the primary source of light.
As light passes through the water into the cave, red reflections are filtered out and only blue light enters the cave. Objects placed in the water of the grotto famously appear silver. This is caused by tiny bubbles, which cover the outside of the object when they are placed underwater. The bubbles cause the light to refract differently than it does from the surrounding water and gives off the silver effect.
In part because of the dazzling effect of the light from the above-water opening, it is impossible for a visitor who is in one of the rowboats to identify the shape of the larger hole, the outline of the bar that separates the two holes, or even the nature of the light-source, other than a general awareness that the light is coming up from underneath, and that the water in the cave is more light-filled than the air. A visitor who places a hand in the water can see it "glow" eerily in this light.
History
During Roman times, the grotto was used as the personal swimming hole of Emperor Tiberius as well as a marine temple. Tiberius moved from the Roman capitol to the island of Capri in 27 AD. During Tiberius' reign, the grotto was decorated with several statues as well as resting areas around the edge of the cave. Three statues of the Roman sea gods Neptune and Triton were recovered from the floor of the grotto in 1964 and are now on display at a museum in Anacapri. Seven bases of statues were also recovered from the grotto floor in 2009. This suggests that there are at least 4 more statues lying on the cave's bottom.[4] The cave was described by the Roman historian Pliny the Elder as being populated with Triton "playing on a shell". The now missing arms on the recovered Triton statue – usually depicted with a conch shell, suggest that the statues recovered in 1964 are the same statues Pliny the Elder saw in the 1st century AD.[2] According to reconstructions of the original Blue Grotto, a swarm of Triton statues headed by a Neptune statue may have stood in the walls of the cave. The environmentalist association Marevivo aims to restore the Blue Grotto to its ancient glory by placing identical copies of the statues where they originally stood in the grotto. This project is being carried out in collaboration with the archaeological superintendence of Pompeii.[4]
At the back of the main cave of the Blue Grotto, three connecting passageways lead to the Sala dei Nomi, or "Room of Names", named for the graffiti signatures left by visitors over the centuries. Two more passages lead deeper into the cliffs on the side of island. It was thought that these passages were ancient stairways that lead to Emperor Tiberius' palace. However, the passages are natural passages that narrow and then end further along.[2]
During the 18th century, the grotto was known to the locals under the name of Gradola, after the nearby landing place of Gradola. It was avoided by sailors and islanders because it was said to be inhabited by witches and monsters. The grotto was then "rediscovered" by the public in 1826, with visit of German writer August Kopisch and Ernst Fries, who were taken to the grotto by local fisherman Alberto Ferraro.
Cultural influence
In 1826, German writer August Kopisch and his friend Ernst Fries visited the cave and recorded their visit in the Kopisch's Entdeckung der blauen Grotte auf der Insel Capri in 1838.
Mark Twain visited the Blue Grotto in 1869, and recorded his thoughts in his book, The Innocents Abroad.[2]
The grotto is highlighted in the 1953 Newbery Honor book, Red Sails to Capri, by Ann Weil.
In Alberto Moravia's 1954 novel Contempt (Il disprezzo), visions of the protagonist appear when he decides to pay a final visit to the cave.
In May 1949 Princess Margaret visited the Blue Grotto.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Grotto_(Capri)
藍洞（義大利語：Grotta Azzurra）是位於義大利南部卡布里島的一處海蝕洞，也是著名的觀光勝地。卡布里島的海岸多懸崖峭壁，並有多座海蝕洞，藍洞就是其中之一。藍洞為石灰岩地形，洞窟內側深54米，高15米。由於光線原因，上午時海水顏色更為美麗，遊客也比較多。在藍洞內發現了波塞冬和特里同的雕像，這裡在古代可能是羅馬帝國皇帝的個人泳池和入浴場所。在1830年代之後，這裡重新成為旅遊聖地。
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E6%B4%9E_(%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6)
海蝕，為海水對於海岸線陸地的侵蝕，所形成的一種作用。一般的海蝕通常伴隨著潮汐，週期性的潮汐引起海水向陸地的水平流動，進而對陸地邊緣產生侵蝕作用，而其中又以波浪的侵蝕力最大，前衝的波浪進入陸地，而後退的波浪挾帶砂礫磨蝕海岸，通常海蝕發生在岩岸地形較多，海岸的岩壁受到海水作用，外側的岩體被海浪切斷，進而剝落而形成。海蝕侵襲的海岸通常會形成一種特有的海岸線地形，一般常見的如：海崖、海蝕凹璧、波蝕棚、海蝕洞、海蝕門、海蝕柱、海蝕平臺，如遇地形抬升還會形成海階等海岸地形。
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%9D%95